What is Innocent Passage?

Although international law text writers, as well as the delegates to the conferences for the codification of international law, are in general agreement that foreign ships may pass freely through the territorial waters of a state, unanimity is lacking as to the specific rules which apply

Preliminary Observations on Oyster Pearl Net Cultivation in Coastal Georgia

This work reports on survivorship and growth rates attained by a transplanted northern stock of Crassostrea virginica (x̄ = 15 mm) tested at various densities in pearl nets in sheltered and exposed sites in coastal Georgia (October 1985 - August 1986). Monthly growth increments ranged from 4.5 to 5.1 mm (shell height). One hundred oysters per net was the optimum stocking density. One hundred percent mortality was suffered at both sites during June - August (probably due to Perkinsus marinus). Current growth rates indicate a growth to market size time of 18 months or less for 15 mm seed grown in pearl nets. However, pearl net cultivation is shown to have serious drawbacks as an oyster grow-out system for coastal Georgia and alternative systems are discussed

The Effects of Cage Mesh Size and Tidal Level Placement on the Growth and Survival of Clams, Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) and Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn), in the Coastal Waters of Georgia

This work reports on the effects of cage mesh size and tidal level placement upon the growth and survival of the hard clam, Mercenarla mercenaria (L.), and the surf clam, Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn), In the coastal waters of Georgia. Surf clams (N = 50 per cage) and hard clams (N = 100 per cage) were each planted in replicated (N = 2) cages constructed of 3 mm, 6 mm, 13 mm and 19 mm mesh vexar plastic at various tidal levels. Cages were deployed by partial burial at the mean and the spring low water marks. At termination of the surf clam trial (6 months), there were no significant differences in survival determined for clams planted in different mesh cages at either tidal level or for clams grown in equivalent mesh size cages between tidal levels. There were significant differences In clam size with surf clams at the spring low water growing significantly larger than those at the mean low water mark. There were also significant differences In surf clam growth between different mesh size cages. Surf clams from 6 mm cages were smaller than those from other cages, while the largest clams reared were in the 13 mm and 19 mm mesh cages. Hard clam trials (15 month duration) illustrated that cage mesh size induced significant differences in survlval of hard clams. Significantly fewer clams survived In 19 mm mesh cages than in cages of smaller mesh at both tidal levels. No significant differences in hard clam survival were detected among other mesh sizes nor between tidal levels; neither were significant differences between tidal levels determined for equivalent mesh sizes. Significant differences in hard clam growth were determined for clams grown in different mesh size cages and between tidal levels. Clam growth was greater at the spring low water mark. Clams grew larger in 3 mm mesh cages, least In 13 mm mesh cages with no significant differences In growth in the 6 and 19 mm mesh cages. Statistical analyses (t-tests) Illustrated differences in clam growth among replicates at the spring low water mark. Growth may have been reduced in one set of cages as a result of cage excavation by currents. In Georgia, hard and surf clam growth was found to be dependent upon cage mesh size. Clam survival was Independent of cage mesh size as long as the initial size of the seed animals was greater than the mesh size of the cage

A Case-Based Assessment of the Descriptiveness of Three CIO Typologies and Validity of Two CIO-Effectiveness Models

This paper uses a case study of a single firm to assess the completeness of three CIO typologies, and the validity of two models of factors affecting CIO effectiveness. With respect to the typologies, our conclusions are that all three typologies were also useful for understanding the role of the CIO at PaperlinX. However, Broadbent and Kitzis’ (2005) binary trusted senior executive leader versus chief technology mechanic classification appears too coarse-grained, with Leider and Mackay’s (2005) typology being more descriptive of the CIO role at PaperlinX. With respect to the two models of CIO effectiveness, our conclusions are that all factors in both models were applicable and important in the case study. The one suggestion we have here is that the Broadbent and Kitzis claim that their model is only applicable for trusted senior executive leader may be too restrictive; it appears to have broader applicability

Lethal Parasites in Oysters from Coastal Georgia with Discussion of Disease and Management Implications

Extensive mortalities of oysters, Crassostrea virginica, occurred from 1985 through 1987 in coastal waters of Georgia. Fluid thioglycolate cultures of oysters collected from 16 of 17 locations revealed infections by the apicomplexan parasite Perkinsus marinus. An ascetosporan parasite, Haplosporidium nelsoni, was also observed in histopathological examination of oysters from 4 of the locations. While the range of H. nelsoni currently is recognized as the east coast of the United States from Maine to Florida, this is the first report of the parasite in Georgia waters. This paper documents the occurrence of these two lethal parasites in oysters from coastal waters of Georgia, along with potential disease and management implications. Results of an earlier independent and previously unpublished survey are also discussed which document the presence of P. marinus in Georgia as early as 1966

The Horizontal Branch of NGC 1851: Constraints from its RR Lyrae Variables

We use the pulsational properties of the RR Lyrae variables in the globular cluster NGC 1851 to obtain detailed constraints of the various sub-stellar populations present along its horizontal branch. On the basis of detailed synthetic horizontal branch modeling, we find that minor helium variations (Y~0.248-0.280) are able to reproduce the observed periods and amplitudes of the RR Lyrae variables, as well as the frequency of fundamental and first-overtone RR Lyrae stars. Comparison of number ratios amongst the blue and red horizontal branch components and the two observed subgiant branches also suggest that the RR Lyrae variables originated from the progeny of the bright subgiant branch. The RR Lyrae variables with a slightly enhanced helium (Y~0.270-0.280) have longer periods at a given amplitude, as is seen with Oosterhoff II (OoII) RR Lyrae variables, whereas the RR Lyrae variables with Y~0.248-0.270 have shorter periods, exhibiting properties of Oosterhoff I (OoI) variables. This correlation does suggest that the pulsational properties of RR Lyrae stars can be very useful for tracing the various sub-populations and can provide suitable constraints on the multiple population phenomenon. It appears of great interest to explore whether this conclusion can be generalized to other globular clusters hosting multiple populations.Comment: accepted to A

Heterologous expression and functional characterization of Drosophila suzukii OR69a transcript variants unveiled response to kairomones and to a candidate pheromone

Drosophila suzukii is a main pest of berries on all continents. Population control relies on insecticides and a current research challenge is to develop alternative strategies. Methods based on behavior-modifying semiochemicals are widely used against other horticultural insects, and the functional characterization of chemoreceptors facilitates the identification of active compounds. Following heterologous expression of single olfactory receptors (ORs) in ab3A olfactory sensory neurons of D. melanogaster, we screened three transcript variants from the OR69a-locus (DsuzOR69aA, DsuzOR69aB, DsuzOR69aC), demonstrating binding to two possible kairomones (3-octanol and R-carvone) and to a possible fly-emitted volatile compound [(Z)-4-nonenal], although with different pharmacological qualities. By coupling Gas Chromatography to SSR (GC-SSR), these ligands enhanced ab3A-spiking at nanogram-aliquots in a complementary fashion among the different OR69a-variants, and we identified another possible kairomone, methyl salicylate, as the most active and specific ligand for the sole DsuzOR69aB. In testing headspaces collected from D. suzukii females and from the fly-associated yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum we did not observe activation from female headspaces but activation from yeast headspaces. In situ hybridization analysis on D. suzukii antennae suggests unique expression of OR69a-subunits in specific neurons, and points toward co-expression within the same neurons. The OR69a-subunits of D. suzukii constitute cation channels, which binding suggests kairomone specificity, even if effects coexist for a complementary binding of (Z)-4-nonenal. Methyl salicylate is the most active ligand and is specific to the sole DsuzOR69aB, inspiring future investigation to validate potentials of this compound for D. suzukii control strategies